{"id":4169,"date":"2024-02-28T16:26:02","date_gmt":"2024-02-28T15:26:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/?p=4169"},"modified":"2024-02-28T16:54:17","modified_gmt":"2024-02-28T15:54:17","slug":"cartographie-des-donnees-utilisees-dans-le-domaine-de-la-meteorologie-et-dans-lobservation-de-la-terre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/2024\/02\/28\/cartographie-des-donnees-utilisees-dans-le-domaine-de-la-meteorologie-et-dans-lobservation-de-la-terre\/","title":{"rendered":"Cartographie des donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9es : M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie et Oc\u00e9anographie"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4169\" class=\"elementor elementor-4169\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-17169262 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17169262\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5ff655\" data-id=\"c5ff655\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe0749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fe0749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 25-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-21-1024x576.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4172\" alt=\"Cartographie des donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9es : M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie et Oc\u00e9anographie\u200b\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-21-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-21-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-21-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-21-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-21-800x450.png 800w, https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-21-e1711552413626.png 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-284bf2b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"284bf2b3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-10f92022\" data-id=\"10f92022\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78080adc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"78080adc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 25-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cartographie des donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9es : M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie et Oc\u00e9anographie<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-213415f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"213415f7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6114fbde\" data-id=\"6114fbde\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a591b26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a591b26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 25-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019exploitation de la donn\u00e9e d\u2019observation est essentielle pour surveiller le climat, pr\u00e9voir les conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, \u00e9tudier les changements environnementaux et alimenter les applications d\u2019aide \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Voici un aper\u00e7u des principaux types de donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9s dans ces domaines, leurs formats et les techniques informatiques populaires \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-476b3ee6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"476b3ee6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1cde04c8\" data-id=\"1cde04c8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19b4f168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"19b4f168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les principaux types de donn\u00e9es<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2384adf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2384adf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>1. Relev\u00e9s m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Mesures de temp\u00e9rature, pression atmosph\u00e9rique, humidit\u00e9, vitesse et direction des vents et courants oc\u00e9aniques, salinit\u00e9, hauteur d\u2019eau, etc.. Ces donn\u00e9es sont traditionnellement collect\u00e9es \u00e0 partir de stations m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques au sol, de ballons-sondes, de bou\u00e9es et d&rsquo;a\u00e9ronefs. Ces mesures sont pr\u00e9cises et directement exploitables. Cependant, elles ne sont ni denses, ni r\u00e9parties de fa\u00e7on homog\u00e8ne sur le globe. Par exemple, elles sont insuffisantes pour alimenter \u00e0 elles seules les mod\u00e8les de pr\u00e9visions. Cependant, ces mesures sont tr\u00e8s utiles pour calibrer et valider les mod\u00e8les. Elles servent de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour d\u00e9terminer les tendances climatiques \u00e0 long terme.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Observations satellitaires\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Les satellites m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques sont principalement dot\u00e9s de radiom\u00e8tres et recueillent des donn\u00e9es sur l\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, des oc\u00e9ans et mers ou des terres et banquises. L\u2019avantage de ce type de donn\u00e9es r\u00e9side dans la haute densit\u00e9 des mesures et leur couverture g\u00e9ographique. A contrario, elles sont tr\u00e8s volumineuses et d\u00e9pendent de la robustesse des instruments de mesure embarqu\u00e9s\u2026<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ces donn\u00e9es sont propres \u00e0 chaque constellation de satellites. Elles parviennent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement par trames r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par les stations Segment sol. Elles sont ensuite transf\u00e9r\u00e9es dans les centres de traitements type data center afin d\u2019\u00eatre calibr\u00e9es et trait\u00e9es par des algorithmes sp\u00e9cifiques avant de pouvoir \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es par les applications de pr\u00e9vision, d\u2019alerte, etc.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Il existe plusieurs niveaux de traitement. Du quasi temps-r\u00e9el pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 une certaine forme d\u2019urgence (ex: balise Argos), au niveau 4 ou plus. Les corrections apport\u00e9es par la dynamique des mod\u00e8les num\u00e9riques relev\u00e9s et les variabilit\u00e9s r\u00e9gionales permettent une donn\u00e9e plus qualitative. Les donn\u00e9es de dernier niveau sont tr\u00e8s utiles \u00e0 la climatologie, aux \u00e9tudes environnementales (optimisation d&rsquo;implantation de fermes piscicoles) et \u00e0 la rectification des instruments de mesure de fa\u00e7on p\u00e9renne.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>3.Radar et t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Les radars m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques d\u00e9tectent les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes tels que les pr\u00e9cipitations, les orages, en mesurant la r\u00e9flexion des ondes radio \u00e9mises. Les \u00e9quipements type LIDAR mesurent des param\u00e8tres atmosph\u00e9riques comme la composition chimique, la concentration des polluants, l&rsquo;\u00e9paisseur de la couche d&rsquo;ozone, etc.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ce type de donn\u00e9es est \u00e0 mi-chemin entre les relev\u00e9s et donn\u00e9es satellitaires. Elle est plus dense et couvre une zone plus vaste que les relev\u00e9s classiques. Cependant, elle n\u00e9cessite parfois des traitements avant d\u2019\u00eatre exploitable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fb0b136 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fb0b136\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad03d8b\" data-id=\"ad03d8b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdcf3eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fdcf3eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Formats les plus utilis\u00e9s\u00a0<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e3ac9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e3ac9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les organismes de pr\u00e9vision et d&rsquo;observation des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes atmosph\u00e9riques et g\u00e9ophysiques utilisent une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de formats de donn\u00e9es pour stocker, \u00e9changer et analyser les informations recueillies. Voici quelques-uns des formats les plus couramment utilis\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0GRIB\u00a0(GRIdded Binary)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Largement utilis\u00e9 en particulier pour stocker les pr\u00e9visions num\u00e9riques du temps produites par les mod\u00e8les de pr\u00e9vision. Il permet de compresser les donn\u00e9es spatiales et temporelles en une seule structure de fichier binaire. Ce qui facilite le transfert et la manipulation des donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0NetCDF\u00a0(Network Common Data Form)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandu, ce format permet de stocker des ensembles de donn\u00e9es multidimensionnelles. Il prend en charge divers types de donn\u00e9es, y compris les donn\u00e9es de mod\u00e8le de pr\u00e9vision, les observations m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, les donn\u00e9es oc\u00e9anographiques et climatiques.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u00a0HDF\u00a0(Hierarchical Data Format)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Le format HDF est un format polyvalent pour stocker et organiser de grands ensembles de donn\u00e9es scientifiques. Il est souvent utilis\u00e9 pour les types de donn\u00e9es g\u00e9ophysiques en raison de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 g\u00e9rer des structures complexes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0ASCII\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ce format est parfois utilis\u00e9 pour les donn\u00e9es issues de rapports m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques historiques. Mais aussi pour les donn\u00e9es stationnaires et les donn\u00e9es de surface.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>5.\u00a0JSON\u00a0(JavaScript Object Notation)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Avec l&rsquo;essor des services web et des API, le format JSON est devenu populaire pour \u00e9changer des donn\u00e9es m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques en temps r\u00e9el entre diff\u00e9rents syst\u00e8mes et applications.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>6.\u00a0GeoTIFF\u00a0(Georeferenced Tagged Image File Format)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ce format est couramment utilis\u00e9 pour stocker des images g\u00e9or\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es, comme des cartes, des donn\u00e9es satellites et de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection, avec des informations spatiales int\u00e9gr\u00e9es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2cc89e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2cc89e7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-af661a5\" data-id=\"af661a5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c61eadd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c61eadd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les\u00a0bases de donn\u00e9es\u00a0les plus utilis\u00e9es dans le domaine de la m\u00e9t\u00e9orologie et de l'observation de la Terre<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6e03b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6e03b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Par leur diversit\u00e9 fonctionnelle, les diff\u00e9rentes bases de donn\u00e9es permettent aux organisations de choisir la solution la mieux adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 leurs besoins sp\u00e9cifiques en mati\u00e8re de stockage, de gestion et d&rsquo;analyse des donn\u00e9es m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques et g\u00e9ophysiques.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>1. BdB\u00a0relationnelles\u00a0:<\/strong> MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Adapt\u00e9es aux donn\u00e9es dont la structure est bien d\u00e9finie et les relations entre les entit\u00e9s sont importantes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>2. BdB\u00a0spatiales\u00a0:<\/strong> PostGIS, Oracle Spatial, Microsoft SQL Server Spatial\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Con\u00e7ues pour stocker et interroger des donn\u00e9es g\u00e9ospatiales<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Adapt\u00e9es pour la gestion des informations de donn\u00e9es g\u00e9or\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es telles que les images satellites, les donn\u00e9es radar et de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>3. BdB\u00a0NoSQL\u00a0:<\/strong> MongoDB, Cassandra, Couchbase<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Pour stocker des donn\u00e9es non structur\u00e9es ou semi-structur\u00e9es. Elle est aussi destin\u00e9e aux ensembles de donn\u00e9es m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques volumineux et complexes qui sont mal adapt\u00e9s aux mod\u00e8les relationnels traditionnels.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>4. BdB temporelles &#8211;\u00a0times-series\u00a0:<\/strong> TimescaleDB, InfluxDB, Prometheus, Graphite<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Pour stocker et analyser des donn\u00e9es temporelles, et donc adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 la gestion de s\u00e9ries chronologiques telles que les donn\u00e9es de mesure m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique en continu.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>5. BdB\u00a0Cloud\u00a0:<\/strong> Amazon DynamoDB, Google Cloud Bigtable, Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Elles offrent une extensibilit\u00e9, une disponibilit\u00e9 et une gestion des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle. Cela peut \u00eatre avantageux pour les organisations qui g\u00e9n\u00e8rent d&rsquo;\u00e9normes volumes de donn\u00e9es m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>6. BdB\u00a0g\u00e9ospatiales distribu\u00e9es\u00a0:<\/strong> GeoMesa, GeoWave<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Con\u00e7ues pour stocker et interroger de grands ensembles de donn\u00e9es g\u00e9ospatiales r\u00e9parties sur des clusters de serveurs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-42680a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"42680a1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1af4dbf\" data-id=\"1af4dbf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a0b245 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a0b245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Assimilation de donn\u00e9es et Intelligence Artificielle<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d7128f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d7128f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019assimilation de donn\u00e9es regroupe des techniques math\u00e9matiques qui combinent toutes ces donn\u00e9es de fa\u00e7on optimale afin d\u2019alimenter un mod\u00e8le num\u00e9rique pr\u00e9visionnel. C\u2019est une discipline analogue avec le Machine Learning (sous domaine de l\u2019IA).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Les techniques de ML peuvent apporter des solutions aux limitations de l\u2019AdD comme une meilleure correction du biais sur les r\u00e9sidus pour r\u00e9duire l\u2019erreur du mod\u00e8le ou un filtrage des observations plus efficaces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c28ee80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c28ee80\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-950aacf\" data-id=\"950aacf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739bc27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"739bc27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What\u2019s Next? <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fa198b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fa198b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les r\u00e9cents progr\u00e8s en mati\u00e8re de Big Data et du ML (par la popularisation des libraires Pytorch, Tensorflow, Keras, etc.) ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour am\u00e9liorer la mod\u00e9lisation et la pr\u00e9vision des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes physiques complexes \u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-115c372a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"115c372a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25aa5be5\" data-id=\"25aa5be5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa92388 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa92388\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Article r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/nicolas-desfachelles-a76b5855\/\"><u>Nicolas Desfachelles<\/u><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f834c3c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f834c3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 25-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-border-style:none;--divider-border-width:1px;--divider-color:#0c0d0e;--divider-icon-size:20px;--divider-element-spacing:10px;--divider-pattern-height:24px;--divider-pattern-size:20px;--divider-pattern-url:none;--divider-pattern-repeat:repeat-x}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider{display:flex}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{font-size:15px;line-height:1;max-width:95%}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__element{margin:0 var(--divider-element-spacing);flex-shrink:0}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-icon{font-size:var(--divider-icon-size)}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider-separator{display:flex;margin:0;direction:ltr}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:before{display:block;content:\"\";border-block-end:0;flex-grow:1;border-block-start:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) 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.elementor-divider-separator:before{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-start .elementor-divider__element{margin-inline-start:0}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-end .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:last-of-type{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-end .elementor-divider-separator:after{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-end .elementor-divider__element{margin-inline-end:0}.elementor-widget-divider:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text):not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon) .elementor-divider-separator{border-block-start:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern{--divider-border-style:none}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern.elementor-widget-divider--view-line .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not([class*=elementor-widget-divider--view]) .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;min-height:var(--divider-pattern-height);-webkit-mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);background-color:var(--divider-color);-webkit-mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url);mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url)}.elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing{--divider-pattern-size:auto}.elementor-widget-divider--bg-round{--divider-pattern-repeat:round}.rtl .elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{direction:rtl}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-divider,.e-con>.elementor-widget-divider{width:var(--container-widget-width,100%);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7800ee7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7800ee7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vous devriez \u00e9galement aimer\u200b<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-223dd20d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"223dd20d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-35d8267c\" data-id=\"35d8267c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a13dcf6 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"7a13dcf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 25-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:end;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:start;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-bottom .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-end}}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:15px}}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-title a{color:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-description{margin:0}<\/style><div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/2024\/02\/22\/beneficis-partenaire-de-datapy\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-17.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/2024\/02\/22\/beneficis-partenaire-de-datapy\/\"> Beneficis partenaire de Datapy<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">St\u00e9phane HOSEMANS est DSI de transition avec plus d\u2019une trentaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es d\u2019exp\u00e9rience. Il est \u00e9galement dipl\u00f4m\u00e9 du CPA de Toulouse Business School.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2397bb2c\" data-id=\"2397bb2c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7982be91 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"7982be91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/2024\/02\/07\/azure-data-factory-aws-et-gcp-comparaison-des-metadonnees\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1050\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-16-e1711552451208.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4146\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/2024\/02\/07\/azure-data-factory-aws-et-gcp-comparaison-des-metadonnees\/\">Azure Data Factory, AWS et GCP : Comparaison des m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9tudi\u00e9 les diff\u00e9rentes solutions ETL Azure Data Factory, AWS et GCP, nous allons comparer leur  gestion des m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es.La gestion des m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es..<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d52547a\" data-id=\"2d52547a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37b1592d elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"37b1592d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/2024\/01\/06\/azure-data-factory-aws-et-gcp-comparaison-des-etl\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1050\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LE-PROMPT-Engineering-15-e1711552512718.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4135\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/2024\/01\/06\/azure-data-factory-aws-et-gcp-comparaison-des-etl\/\">Azure Data Factory, AWS et GCP : Comparaison des ETL<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Dans l\u2019article pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, nous avons compar\u00e9 Azure Data Factory, AWS Glue et GCP Dataflow. Aujourd\u2019hui, nous allons faire un focus sur les ETL qu\u2019ils utilisent. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cartographie des donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9es : M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie et Oc\u00e9anographie L\u2019exploitation de la donn\u00e9e d\u2019observation est essentielle pour surveiller le climat, pr\u00e9voir les conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, \u00e9tudier les changements environnementaux et alimenter les applications d\u2019aide \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision.\u00a0 Voici un aper\u00e7u des principaux types de donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9s dans ces domaines, leurs formats et les techniques informatiques populaires \u00e0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":4172,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4169","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data","entry","has-media"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4169","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/42"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4169"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4169\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4172"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4169"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4169"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datapy.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4169"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}